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http://www.recitequran.com/tafsir/en.ibn-kathir/47:1
http://www.recitequran.com/tafsir/en.ibn-kathir/47:1
47
Muhammad
Muhammad
Ibn Kathir - English
Verse
1
Page 507
Which was revealed in Al-Madinah
﴿ بِسۡمِ ٱللَّهِ ٱلرَّحۡمَـٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ ﴾
In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.
﴿ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُواْ وَصَدُّواْ عَن سَبِيلِ ٱللَّهِ أَضَلَّ أَعۡمَـٰلَهُمۡ •
وَٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ وَعَمِلُواْ ٱلصَّـٰلِحَـٰتِ وَءَامَنُواْ بِمَا
نُزِّلَ عَلَىٰ مُحَمَّدٍ۬ وَهُوَ ٱلۡحَقُّ مِن رَّبِّہِمۡۙ كَفَّرَ
عَنۡہُمۡ سَيِّـَٔاتِہِمۡ وَأَصۡلَحَ بَالَهُمۡ •
ذَٲلِكَ بِأَنَّ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُواْ ٱتَّبَعُواْ ٱلۡبَـٰطِلَ وَأَنَّ
ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ ٱتَّبَعُواْ ٱلۡحَقَّ مِن رَّبِّہِمۡۚ كَذَٲلِكَ
يَضۡرِبُ ٱللَّهُ لِلنَّاسِ أَمۡثَـٰلَهُمۡ ﴾
(1.
Those who disbelieve and hinder (men) from the path of Allah, He will
render their deeds vain.) (2. But those who believe and do righteous
good deeds, and believe in that which is sent down to Muhammad -- for it
is the truth from their Lord -- He expiates from them their sins and
amends their Bal.) (3. That is because those who disbelieve follow
falsehood, while those who believe follow the truth from their Lord.
Thus does Allah set forth for mankind their parables.)
The Reward of the Disbelievers and the Believers Allah says,
﴿ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُواْ ﴾
(Those who disbelieve) meaning, in the Ayat of Allah.
﴿ وَصُدُّواْ ﴾
(and hinder (men)) Others.
﴿ عَن سَبِيلِ ٱللَّهِ أَضَلَّ أَعۡمَـٰلَهُمۡ ﴾
(from
the path of Allah, He will render their deeds vain.) meaning, He
renders their deeds vain and futile, and He denies them any rewards or
blessings for them. This is similar to His saying,
﴿ وَقَدِمۡنَآ إِلَىٰ مَا عَمِلُواْ مِنۡ عَمَلٍ۬ فَجَعَلۡنَـٰهُ هَبَآءً۬ مَّنثُورًا ﴾
(And We will approach what they have done of deeds and make them as dispersed dust.) (25:23) Allah then says,
﴿ وَٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ وَعَمِلُواْ ٱلصَّـٰلِحَـٰتِ ﴾
(And
those who believe and do righteous good deeds,) Which means that their
hearts and souls have believed, and their limbs and their hidden and
apparent acts have complied with Allah's Law.
﴿ وَءَامَنُواْ بِمَا نُزِّلَ عَلَىٰ مُحَمَّدٍ۬ ﴾
(And
believe in that which has been sent down to Muhammad) Adding this
statement to the previous one is a method of adding a specific meaning
to a general one. This provides proof that after Muhammad's advent,
believing in him is a required condition for the true faith. Allah then
says,
﴿ وَهُوَ ٱلۡحَقُّ مِن رَّبِّہِمۡۙ ﴾
(For it is the truth from their Lord.) which is a beautifully placed parenthetical clause. Thus, Allah says,
﴿ كَفَّرَ عَنۡہُمۡ سَيِّـَٔاتِہِمۡ وَأَصۡلَحَ بَالَهُمۡ ﴾
(He
expiates from them their sins and amends their Bal.) Ibn `Abbas, said,
"This means their matter.'' Mujahid said, "This means their affair.''
Qatadah and Ibn Zayd both said, "Their condition.'' And all of these are
similar in meaning. It has been mentioned (from the Prophet) in the
Hadith of the responding to one who sneezes,
« يَهْدِيكُمُ اللهُ وَيُصْلِحُ بَالَكُم »
(May Allah guide you and rectify your (Bal) affairs.) Then Allah says,
﴿ ذَٲلِكَ بِأَنَّ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُواْ ٱتَّبَعُواْ ٱلۡبَـٰطِلَ ﴾
(That
is because those who disbelieve follow falsehood,) meaning, `We only
invalidate the deeds of the disbelievers and overlook the sins of the
righteous, and amend their affairs, because those who disbelieve follow
false- hood.' Meaning, they choose falsehood over the truth.
﴿ وَأَنَّ ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ ٱتَّبَعُواْ ٱلۡحَقَّ مِن رَّبِّہِمۡۚ كَذَٲلِكَ يَضۡرِبُ ٱللَّهُ لِلنَّاسِ أَمۡثَـٰلَهُمۡ ﴾
(while
those who believe follow the truth from their Lord. Thus does Allah set
forth for the people their parables.) Thus He makes the consequence of
their actions clear to them, and He shows them where they will end in
their next life -- and Allah knows best.
﴿
فَإِذَا لَقِيتُمُ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُواْ فَضَرۡبَ ٱلرِّقَابِ حَتَّىٰٓ
إِذَآ أَثۡخَنتُمُوهُمۡ فَشُدُّواْ ٱلۡوَثَاقَ فَإِمَّا مَنَّۢا بَعۡدُ
وَإِمَّا فِدَآءً حَتَّىٰ تَضَعَ ٱلۡحَرۡبُ أَوۡزَارَهَاۚ ذَٲلِكَ وَلَوۡ
يَشَآءُ ٱللَّهُ لَٱنتَصَرَ مِنۡہُمۡ وَلَـٰكِن لِّيَبۡلُوَاْ بَعۡضَڪُم
بِبَعۡضٍ۬ۗ وَٱلَّذِينَ قُتِلُواْ فِى سَبِيلِ ٱللَّهِ فَلَن يُضِلَّ
أَعۡمَـٰلَهُمۡ • سَيَہۡدِيہِمۡ وَيُصۡلِحُ بَالَهُمۡ • وَيُدۡخِلُهُمُ ٱلۡجَنَّةَ عَرَّفَهَا لَهُمۡ • يَـٰٓأَيُّہَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوٓاْ إِن تَنصُرُواْ ٱللَّهَ يَنصُرۡكُمۡ وَيُثَبِّتۡ أَقۡدَامَكُمۡ • وَٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُواْ فَتَعۡسً۬ا لَّهُمۡ وَأَضَلَّ أَعۡمَـٰلَهُمۡ • ذَٲلِكَ بِأَنَّهُمۡ كَرِهُواْ مَآ أَنزَلَ ٱللَّهُ فَأَحۡبَطَ أَعۡمَـٰلَهُمۡ ﴾
(4.
So, when you meet those who disbelieve (in battle), smite (their) necks
until you have fully defeated them, then tighten their bonds.
Thereafter (is the time) either for generosity or ransom, until the war
lays down its burden. Thus, and had Allah so willed, He could have taken
vengeance against them;--but (He lets you struggle) so as to test with
one another. But those who are killed in the way of Allah, He will never
let their deeds be lost.) (5. He will guide them and amend their
condition.) (6. And admit them to Paradise, which He has made known to
them.) (7. O you who believe! If you support (in the cause of) Allah, He
will support you, and make your foothold firm.) (8. But as for those
who disbelieve, misery awaits them, and (Allah) will make their deeds
vain.) (9. That is because they hate that which Allah has sent down; so
He has made their deeds fruitless.)
The Command to strike the Enemies' Necks, tighten Their Bonds, and then free Them either by an Act of Grace or for a Ransom
Guiding the believers to what they should employ in their fights against the idolaters, Allah says,
﴿ فَإِذَا لَقِيتُمُ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُواْ فَضَرۡبَ ٱلرِّقَابِ ﴾
(So,
when you meet those who disbelieve (in battle), smite their necks)
which means, `when you fight against them, cut them down totally with
your swords.'
﴿ حَتَّىٰٓ إِذَآ أَثۡخَنتُمُوهُمۡ ﴾
(until you have fully defeated them,) meaning, `you have killed and utterly destroyed them.'
﴿ فَشُدُّواْ ٱلۡوَثَاقَ ﴾
(tighten
their bonds.) `This is referring to the prisoners of war whom you have
captured. Later on, after the war ends and the conflict has ceased, you
have a choice in regard to the captives: You may either act graciously
toward them by setting them free without charge, or free them for a
ransom that you require from them.' It appears that this Ayah was
revealed after the battle of Badr. At that time, Allah reproached the
believers for sparing many of the enemy's soldiers, and holding too many
captives in order to take ransom from them. So He said then:
﴿
مَا كَانَ لِنَبِىٍّ أَن يَكُونَ لَهُ ۥۤ أَسۡرَىٰ حَتَّىٰ يُثۡخِنَ فِى
ٱلۡأَرۡضِۚ تُرِيدُونَ عَرَضَ ٱلدُّنۡيَا وَٱللَّهُ يُرِيدُ ٱلۡأَخِرَةَۗ
وَٱللَّهُ عَزِيزٌ حَكِيمٌ۬ • لَّوۡلَا كِتَـٰبٌ۬ مِّنَ ٱللَّهِ سَبَقَ لَمَسَّكُمۡ فِيمَآ أَخَذۡتُمۡ عَذَابٌ عَظِيمٌ۬ ﴾
(It
is not for a Prophet to have captives of war until he had made a great
slaughter (among the enemies) in the land. You desire the commodities of
this world, but Allah desires (for you) the Hereafter. Allah is Mighty
and Wise. Were it not for a prior decree from Allah, a severe torment
would have touched you for what you took.) (8:67-68) Allah's saying,
﴿ حَتَّىٰ تَضَعَ ٱلۡحَرۡبُ أَوۡزَارَهَاۚ ﴾
(...until
the war lays down its burden.) Mujahid said: "Until `Isa bin Maryam
(peace be upon him) descends.'' It seems as if he derived this opinion
from the Prophet's saying,
« لَا تَزَالُ طَائِفَةٌ مِنْ أُمَّتِي ظَاهِرِينَ عَلَى الْحَقِّ حَتْى يُقَاتِلَ آخِرُهُمُ الدَّجَّال »
(There
will always be a group of my Ummah victorious upon the truth, until the
last of them fight against Ad-Dajjal.) Imam Ahmad recorded from Jubayr
bin Nufayr who reported from Salamah bin Nufayl that he went to the
Messenger of Allah and said, "I have let my horse go, and thrown down my
weapon, for the war has ended. There is no more fighting.'' Then the
Prophet said to him,
«
الْانَ جَاءَ الْقِتَالُ، لَا تَزَالُ طَائِفَةٌ مِنْ أُمَّتِي ظَاهِرِينَ
عَلَى النَّاسِ، يُزِيغُ اللهُ تَعَالَى قُلُوبَ أَقْوَام،
فَيُقَاتِلُونَهُمْ وَيَرْزُقُهُمُ اللهُ مِنْهُمْ حَتْى يَأْتِيَ أَمْرُ
اللهِ وَهُمْ عَلَى ذلِكَ، أَلَا إِنَّ عُقْرَ دَارِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ
الشَّامُ، وَالْخَيْلُ مَعْقُودٌ فِي نَوَاصِيهَا الْخَيْرُ إِلَى يَوْمِ
الْقِيَامَة »
(Now the time of
fighting has come. There will always be a group of my Ummah dominant
over others. Allah will turn the hearts of some people away (from the
truth), so they (that group) will fight against them, and Allah will
bestow on them (war spoils) from them (the enemies) -- until Allah's
command comes to pass while they are in that state. Verily, the center
of the believers' abode is Ash-Sham. And goodness is tied around the
horses' foreheads till the Day of Resurrection.) An-Nasa'i also recorded
this narration. Allah then says,
﴿ ذَٲلِكَ وَلَوۡ يَشَآءُ ٱللَّهُ لَٱنتَصَرَ مِنۡہُمۡ ﴾
(Thus,
and had Allah so willed, He could have taken vengeance against them;)
which means that had He so willed, He could have taken immediate
vengeance against the disbelievers with a chastisement or exemplary
punishment directly from Him.
﴿ وَلَـٰكِن لِّيَبۡلُوَاْ بَعۡضَڪُم بِبَعۡضٍ۬ۗ ﴾
(but
(He lets you struggle) so as to test with one another.) meaning, He has
ordered Jihad and fighting against the enemies in order to try you and
test your affairs. Allah also expresses His wisdom by the legislation of
Jihad in the following two Surahs, Al `Iman and At-Tawbah, in which He
says,
﴿ أَمۡ حَسِبۡتُمۡ أَن تَدۡخُلُواْ ٱلۡجَنَّةَ وَلَمَّا يَعۡلَمِ ٱللَّهُ ٱلَّذِينَ جَـٰهَدُواْ مِنكُمۡ وَيَعۡلَمَ ٱلصَّـٰبِرِينَ ﴾
(Or
did you think that you would enter the Paradise before Allah had made
evident those of you who fight in His cause and made evident those who
are steadfast) (3:142)
﴿ قَـٰتِلُوهُمۡ يُعَذِّبۡهُمُ ٱللَّهُ بِأَيۡدِيڪُمۡ وَيُخۡزِهِمۡ وَيَنصُرۡكُمۡ عَلَيۡهِمۡ وَيَشۡفِ صُدُورَ قَوۡمٍ۬ مُّؤۡمِنِينَ • وَيُذۡهِبۡ غَيۡظَ قُلُوبِهِمۡۗ وَيَتُوبُ ٱللَّهُ عَلَىٰ مَن يَشَآءُۗ وَٱللَّهُ عَلِيمٌ حَكِيمٌ ﴾
(Fight
them; Allah will then punish them by your hands, disgrace them, grant
you victory over them, satisfy the breasts of a believing people, and
remove the fury of their (the believers') hearts. Allah turns in
forgiveness to whom He wills; Allah is Knowing and Wise.) ( 9:14-15)
Merit of the Martyrs
Since it is customary during wars that many of the believers die, Allah says:
﴿ وَٱلَّذِينَ قُتِلُواْ فِى سَبِيلِ ٱللَّهِ فَلَن يُضِلَّ أَعۡمَـٰلَهُمۡ ﴾
(But
those who are killed in the way of Allah, He will never let their deeds
be lost.) which means that He would not let their good deeds go to
waste, but would rather multiply and increase them. Some of them will
continue being rewarded for their good deeds for the entire length of
their stay in Al-Barzakh. This has been mentioned in a Hadith recorded
by Imam Ahmad in his Musnad on the authority of Kathir bin Murrah, who
reported from Qays Al-Judhami (may Allah be pleased with him) that
Allah's Messenger said,
«
يُعْطَى الشَّهِيدُ سِتَّ خِصَالٍ عِنْدَ أَوَّلِ قَطْرَةٍ مِنْ دَمِهِ:
تُكَفَّرُ عَنْهُ كُلُّ خَطِيئَةٍ، وَيَرَى مَقْعَدَهُ مِنَ الْجَنَّةِ،
وَيُزَوَّجُ مِنَ الْحُورِ الْعِين، وَيَأْمَنُ مِنَ الْفَزَعِ
الْأَكْبَرِ، وَمِنْ عَذَابِ الْقَبْرِ، وَيُحَلَّى حُلَّةَ الْإِيمَان »
(As
the first drop of his blood gushes forth, a martyr is granted six
merits: all of his sins are forgiven, he is shown his place in Paradise,
he is married to wide-eyed Huris, he is secured from the great fear (on
Judgment Day) and the torment of the grave, and he is adorned with the
adornments of Iman.) Ahmad was alone in recording this Hadith. Abu
Ad-Darda' (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that Allah's
Messenger said,
« يُشَفَّعُ الشَّهِيدُ فِي سَبْعِينَ مِنْ أَهْلِ بَيْتِه »
(A
martyr is allowed to intercede for seventy members of his household.)
This was recorded by Abu Dawud, and there are numerous other Hadiths
mentioning the merits of the martyrs. As for Allah's saying,
﴿ سَيَہۡدِيہِمۡ ﴾
(He will guide them) meaning, He will guide them to Jannah. This is similar to Allah's saying,
﴿
إِنَّ ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ وَعَمِلُواْ ٱلصَّـٰلِحَـٰتِ يَہۡدِيهِمۡ
رَبُّہُم بِإِيمَـٰنِہِمۡۖ تَجۡرِى مِن تَحۡتِہِمُ ٱلۡأَنۡهَـٰرُ فِى
جَنَّـٰتِ ٱلنَّعِيمِ ﴾
(Indeed,
those who have believed and done righteous good deeds, their Lord will
guide them because of their Faith: beneath them rivers will flow in the
Gardens of Pleasure.) (10:9) Allah says,
﴿ وَيُصۡلِحُ بَالَهُمۡ ﴾
(and amend their condition.) meaning, their situation and affairs.
﴿ وَيُدۡخِلُهُمُ ٱلۡجَنَّةَ عَرَّفَهَا لَهُمۡ ﴾
(And
(He will) admit them to Paradise, which He has made known to them.) It
means that He has acquainted them with Paradise and guided them to it.
Mujahid said: "The people of Paradise will be guided to their houses and
dwellings and whatever sections Allah has ordained for them in it. They
will not make mistakes in this, nor will they ask anyone for directions
to their dwellings -- as if they had dwelt in it from the time they
were first created.'' Al-Bukhari recorded from Abu Sa`id Al-Khudri (may
Allah be pleased with him) that Allah's Messenger said,
«
إِذَا خَلَصَ الْمُؤْمِنُونَ مِنَ النَّارِ حُبِسُوا بِقَنْطَرَةٍ بَيْنَ
الْجَنَّةِ وَالنَّارِ، يَتَقَاصُّونَ مَظَالِمَ كَانَتْ بَيْنَهُمْ فِي
الدُّنْيَا، حَتْى إذَا هُذِّبُوا وَنُقُّوا أُذِنَ لَهُمْ فِي دُخُولِ
الْجَنَّةِ، وَالَّذِي نَفْسِي بِيَدِهِ إِنَّ أَحَدَهُمْ بِمَنْزِلِهِ فِي
الْجَنَّةِ أَهْدَى مِنْهُ بِمَنْزِلِهِ الَّذِي كَانَ فِي الدُّنْيَا »
(After
the believers securely pass the Fire (on the Day of Judgment), they
will be held back upon a bridge between Paradise and the Fire. There,
they will have any acts of injustice that they committed against one
another in the life of this world rectified. After they are completely
purified and cleansed (from injustice), they will be admitted into
Paradise. By the One in Whose Hand is my soul, each one of them will
find his way to his dwelling in Paradise better than he found his way to
his dwelling in the worldly life.)
Support Allah's Cause, He will then support You
Allah then says:
﴿ يَـٰٓأَيُّہَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوٓاْ إِن تَنصُرُواْ ٱللَّهَ يَنصُرۡكُمۡ وَيُثَبِّتۡ أَقۡدَامَكُمۡ ﴾
(O
you who believe! If you support (the cause of) Allah, He will support
you and make your foothold firm.) This is similar to His saying,
﴿ وَلَيَنصُرَنَّ ٱللَّهُ مَن يَنصُرُهُ ۥۤۗ ﴾
(Indeed,
Allah will surely support those who support Him (His cause).) (22:40)
That is because the reward is comparable to the type of deed that is
performed. Thus, Allah says here,
﴿ وَيُثَبِّتۡ أَقۡدَامَكُمۡ ﴾
(and make your foothold firm.) Allah then says,
﴿ وَٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُواْ فَتَعۡسً۬ا لَّهُمۡ ﴾
(But
as for those who disbelieve -- misery awaits them) This misery is the
opposite of making firm the footholds of the believers who support the
cause of Allah and His Messenger. It has been confirmed in a Hadith that
Allah's Messenger said,
«
تَعِسَ عَبْدُ الدِّينَارِ، تَعِسَ عَبْدُ الدِّرْهَمِ، تَعِسَ عَبْدُ
الْقَطِيفَةِ، تَعِسَ وَانْتَكَسَ وَإِذَا شِيكَ فَلَا انْتَقَش »
(Misery
awaits the servant of the Dinar; misery awaits the servant of the
Dirham; misery awaits the servant of velvet. Misery awaits him, and
degeneracy; and if he is pricked by a thorn, may he not find anyone to
pull it for him.) This means may Allah not cure him. Then Allah says,
﴿ وَأَضَلَّ أَعۡمَـٰلَهُمۡ ﴾
(and (Allah) will make their deeds vain.) meaning, He will nullify them and make them fruitless. Thus, Allah says,
﴿ ذَٲلِكَ بِأَنَّهُمۡ كَرِهُواْ مَآ أَنزَلَ ٱللَّهُ ﴾
(That is because they hate that which Allah has sent down;) which means that they did not want or like what Allah revealed.
﴿ فَأَحۡبَطَ أَعۡمَـٰلَهُمۡ ﴾
(so He made their deeds fruitless.)
﴿
أَفَلَمۡ يَسِيرُواْ فِى ٱلۡأَرۡضِ فَيَنظُرُواْ كَيۡفَ كَانَ عَـٰقِبَةُ
ٱلَّذِينَ مِن قَبۡلِهِمۡۚ دَمَّرَ ٱللَّهُ عَلَيۡہِمۡۖ
وَلِلۡكَـٰفِرِينَ أَمۡثَـٰلُهَا • ذَٲلِكَ بِأَنَّ ٱللَّهَ مَوۡلَى ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ وَأَنَّ ٱلۡكَـٰفِرِينَ لَا مَوۡلَىٰ لَهُمۡ •
إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ يُدۡخِلُ ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ وَعَمِلُواْ ٱلصَّـٰلِحَـٰتِ
جَنَّـٰتٍ۬ تَجۡرِى مِن تَحۡتِہَا ٱلۡأَنۡہَـٰرُۖ وَٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُواْ
يَتَمَتَّعُونَ وَيَأۡكُلُونَ كَمَا تَأۡكُلُ ٱلۡأَنۡعَـٰمُ وَٱلنَّارُ
مَثۡوً۬ى لَّهُمۡ • وَكَأَيِّن مِّن قَرۡيَةٍ هِىَ أَشَدُّ قُوَّةً۬ مِّن قَرۡيَتِكَ ٱلَّتِىٓ أَخۡرَجَتۡكَ أَهۡلَكۡنَـٰهُمۡ فَلَا نَاصِرَ لَهُمۡ ﴾
(10.
Have they not traveled through the earth and seen what happened in the
end to those before them Allah destroyed them completely, and a similar
(awaits) the disbelievers.) (11. That is because Allah is the Protector
of those who believe, whereas the disbelievers have no protector.) (12.
Certainly Allah will admit those who believe and do righteous good
deeds, into Gardens under which rivers flow (Paradise); while those who
disbelieve enjoy their life and eat as cattle eat; but the Fire will be
their abode.) (13. And how many a town mightier than your town that has
driven you out We have destroyed, with none to help them!)
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