المشاركات
http://www.recitequran.com/tafsir/en.ibn-kathir/60:1
60
Al-Mumtahanah
The Woman to be Examined
Ibn Kathir - English
Verse
1
Page 549
Which was revealed in Al-Madinah
﴿ بِسۡمِ ٱللَّهِ ٱلرَّحۡمَـٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ ﴾
In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.
﴿
يَـٰٓأَيُّہَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ لَا تَتَّخِذُواْ عَدُوِّى
وَعَدُوَّكُمۡ أَوۡلِيَآءَ تُلۡقُونَ إِلَيۡہِم بِٱلۡمَوَدَّةِ وَقَدۡ
كَفَرُواْ بِمَا جَآءَكُم مِّنَ ٱلۡحَقِّ يُخۡرِجُونَ ٱلرَّسُولَ
وَإِيَّاكُمۡۙ أَن تُؤۡمِنُواْ بِٱللَّهِ رَبِّكُمۡ إِن كُنتُمۡ
خَرَجۡتُمۡ جِهَـٰدً۬ا فِى سَبِيلِى وَٱبۡتِغَآءَ مَرۡضَاتِىۚ تُسِرُّونَ
إِلَيۡہِم بِٱلۡمَوَدَّةِ وَأَنَا۟ أَعۡلَمُ بِمَآ أَخۡفَيۡتُمۡ وَمَآ
أَعۡلَنتُمۡۚ وَمَن يَفۡعَلۡهُ مِنكُمۡ فَقَدۡ ضَلَّ سَوَآءَ ٱلسَّبِيلِ •
إِن يَثۡقَفُوكُمۡ يَكُونُواْ لَكُمۡ أَعۡدَآءً۬ وَيَبۡسُطُوٓاْ
إِلَيۡكُمۡ أَيۡدِيَہُمۡ وَأَلۡسِنَتَہُم بِٱلسُّوٓءِ وَوَدُّواْ لَوۡ
تَكۡفُرُونَ • لَن تَنفَعَكُمۡ
أَرۡحَامُكُمۡ وَلَآ أَوۡلَـٰدُكُمۡۚ يَوۡمَ ٱلۡقِيَـٰمَةِ يَفۡصِلُ
بَيۡنَكُمۡۚ وَٱللَّهُ بِمَا تَعۡمَلُونَ بَصِيرٌ۬ ﴾
(1.
O you who believe! Take not My enemies and your enemies as protecting
friends, showing affection towards them, while they have disbelieved in
what has come to you of the truth, and have driven out the Messenger and
yourselves because you believe in Allah, your Lord! If you have come
forth to strive in My cause and to seek My good pleasure. You show
friendship to them in secret, while I am All-Aware of what you conceal
and what you reveal. And whosoever of you (Muslims) does that, then
indeed he has gone (far) astray from the straight path.) (2. Should they
gain the upper hand over you, they would behave to you as enemies, and
stretch forth their hands and their tongues against you with evil, and
they desire that you should disbelieve.) (3. Neither your relatives nor
your children will benefit you on the Day of Resurrection. He will judge
between you. And Allah is the All-Seer of what you do.)
Reason behind revealing Surat Al-Mumtahanah
The
story of Hatib bin Abi Balta`ah is the reason behind revealing the
beginning of this honorable Surah. Hatib was among the Early Emigrants
and participated in the battle of Badr. Hatib had children and wealth in
Makkah, but he was not from the tribe of Quraysh. Rather, he was an
ally of `Uthman. When the Messenger of Allah decided to conquer Makkah,
after its people broke the peace treaty between them, he ordered the
Muslims to mobilize their forces to attack Makkah, and then said,
« اللْهُمَّ عَمِّ عَلَيْهِمْ خَبَرَنَا »
(O
Allah! Keep our news concealed from them.) Hatib wrote a letter and
sent it to the people of Makkah, with a woman from the tribe of Quraysh,
informing them of the Messenger's intent to attack them. He wanted them
to be indebted to him (so that they would grant safety to his family in
Makkah). Allah the Exalted conveyed this matter to His Messenger,
because He accepted the Prophet's invocation (to Him to conceal the news
of the attack). The Prophet sent someone after the woman and retrieved
the letter. This story is collected in the Two Sahihs. Imam Ahmad
recorded that Hasan bin Muhammad bin `Ali said that `Abdullah bin Abu
Rafi` -- or Ubaydullah bin Abu Rafi` -- said that he heard `Ali say,
"Allah's Messenger sent me, Zubayr and Al-Miqdad saying,
« انْطَلِقُوا حَتْى تَأْتُوا رَوْضَةَ خَاخٍ فَإِنَّ بِهَا ظَعِينَةً مَعَهَا كِتَابٌ فَخُذُوهُ مِنْهَا »
(Proceed
until you reach Rawdat Khakh, where there is a lady carrying a letter.
Take that letter from her.) So we proceeded on our way, with our horses
galloping, until we reached the Rawdah. There we found the lady and said
to her, `Take out the letter.' She said, `I am not carrying a letter.'
We said, `Take out the letter, or else we will take off your clothes.'
So she took it out of her braid, and we brought the letter to Allah's
Messenger. The letter was addressed from Hatib bin Abu Balta`ah to some
pagans of Makkah, telling them about what Allah's Messenger intended to
do. Allah's Messenger said,
« يَا حَاطِبُ، مَا هَذَا؟ »
(O
Hatib! What is this) Hatib replied, `O Allah's Messenger! Do not make a
hasty decision about me. I was a person not belonging to Quraysh, but I
was an ally to them. All the Emigrants who were with you have kinsmen
(in Makkah) who can protect their families. So I wanted to do them a
favor, so they might protect my relatives, as I have no blood relation
with them. I did not do this out of disbelief or to renegade from my
religion, nor did I do it to choose disbelief after Islam.' Allah's
Messenger said to his Companions,
« إِنَّهُ صَدَقَكُم »
(Regarding
him, he has told you the truth.) `Umar said, `O Allah's Messenger!
Allow me to chop off the head of this hypocrite!' The Prophet said,
«
إِنَّهُ قَدْ شَهِدَ بَدْرًا، وَمَا يُدْرِيكَ لَعَلَّ اللهَ اطَّلَعَ
إِلَى أَهْلِ بَدْرٍ فَقَالَ: اعْمَلُوا مَا شِئْتُمْ فَقَدْ غَفَرْتُ
لَكُم »
(He attended Badr. What can I
tell you, perhaps Allah looked at those who attended Badr and said, "O
the people of Badr, do what you like, for I have forgiven you.'')'' The
Group with the exception of Ibn Majah, collected this Hadith using
various chains of narration that included Sufyan bin `Uyaynah.
Al-Bukhari added in his narration in the chapter on the Prophet's
battles, "Then Allah revealed the Surah,
﴿ يَـٰٓأَيُّہَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ لَا تَتَّخِذُواْ عَدُوِّى وَعَدُوَّكُمۡ أَوۡلِيَآءَ ﴾
(O
you who believe! Take not my enemies and your enemies as protecting
friends...) '' Al-Bukhari said in another part of his Sahih, `Amr (one
of the narrators of the Hadith) said, "This Ayah,
﴿ يَـٰٓأَيُّہَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ لَا تَتَّخِذُواْ عَدُوِّى وَعَدُوَّكُمۡ أَوۡلِيَآءَ ﴾
(O
you who believe! Take not my enemies and your enemies as protecting
friends'...) was revealed about Hatib, but I do not know if the Ayah was
mentioned in the Hadith (or was added as an explanation by one of the
narrators).'' Al-Bukhari also said that `Ali bin Al-Madini said that
Sufyan bin `Uyaynah was asked, "Is this why this Ayah,
﴿ لَا تَتَّخِذُواْ عَدُوِّى وَعَدُوَّكُمۡ أَوۡلِيَآءَ ﴾
(O
you who believe! Take not my enemies and your enemies as protecting
friends.) was revealed'' Sufyan said, "This is the narration that I
collected from `Amr, I did not leave a letter out of it. I do not know
if anyone else memorized the same words for it.''
The Command to have Enmity towards the Disbelievers and to abandon supporting Them
Allah's statement,
﴿
يَـٰٓأَيُّہَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ لَا تَتَّخِذُواْ عَدُوِّى
وَعَدُوَّكُمۡ أَوۡلِيَآءَ تُلۡقُونَ إِلَيۡہِم بِٱلۡمَوَدَّةِ وَقَدۡ
كَفَرُواْ بِمَا جَآءَكُم مِّنَ ٱلۡحَقِّ ﴾
(O
you who believe! Take not My enemies and your enemies as protecting
friends showing affection towards them, while they have disbelieved in
what has come to you of the truth,) refers to the idolaters and the
disbelievers who are combatants against Allah, His Messenger and the
believers. It is they whom Allah has decided should be our enemies and
should be fought. Allah has forbidden the believers to take them as
friends, supporters or companions. Allah the Exalted said in another
Ayah,
﴿
يَـٰٓأَيُّہَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ لَا تَتَّخِذُواْ ٱلۡيَہُودَ
وَٱلنَّصَـٰرَىٰٓ أَوۡلِيَآءَۘ بَعۡضُہُمۡ أَوۡلِيَآءُ بَعۡضٍ۬ۚ وَمَن
يَتَوَلَّهُم مِّنكُمۡ فَإِنَّهُ ۥ مِنۡہُمۡۗ ﴾
(O
you who believe! Take not the Jews and the Christians as protecting
friends, they are but protecting friends of each other. And if any among
you takes them (as such), then surely, he is one of them.) (5:51) This
Ayah contains a stern warning and a sure threat. Allah the Exalted said,
﴿
يَـٰٓأَيُّہَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ لَا تَتَّخِذُواْ ٱلَّذِينَ
ٱتَّخَذُواْ دِينَكُمۡ هُزُوً۬ا وَلَعِبً۬ا مِّنَ ٱلَّذِينَ أُوتُواْ
ٱلۡكِتَـٰبَ مِن قَبۡلِكُمۡ وَٱلۡكُفَّارَ أَوۡلِيَآءَۚ وَٱتَّقُواْ
ٱللَّهَ إِن كُنتُم مُّؤۡمِنِينَ ﴾
(O
you who believe! Take not as protecting friends those who take your
religion as a mockery and fun from among those who received the
Scripture before you, nor from among the disbelievers; and have Taqwa of
Allah if you indeed are true believers.) (5:57)
﴿
يَـٰٓأَيُّہَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ لَا تَتَّخِذُواْ ٱلۡكَـٰفِرِينَ
أَوۡلِيَآءَ مِن دُونِ ٱلۡمُؤۡمِنِينَۚ أَتُرِيدُونَ أَن تَجۡعَلُواْ
لِلَّهِ عَلَيۡڪُمۡ سُلۡطَـٰنً۬ا مُّبِينًا ﴾
(O
you who believe! Take not for protecting friends disbelievers instead
of believers. Do you wish to offer Allah a manifest proof against
yourselves) (4:144) and,
﴿
لَّا يَتَّخِذِ ٱلۡمُؤۡمِنُونَ ٱلۡكَـٰفِرِينَ أَوۡلِيَآءَ مِن دُونِ
ٱلۡمُؤۡمِنِينَۖ وَمَن يَفۡعَلۡ ذَٲلِكَ فَلَيۡسَ مِنَ ٱللَّهِ فِى شَىۡءٍ
إِلَّآ أَن تَتَّقُواْ مِنۡهُمۡ تُقَٮٰةً۬ۗ وَيُحَذِّرُڪُمُ ٱللَّهُ
نَفۡسَهُ ۥۗ ﴾
(Let
not the believers take the disbelievers as protecting friends instead
of the believers, and whoever does that will never be helped by Allah in
any way, except if you indeed fear a danger from them. And Allah warns
you against Himself (His punishment).) (3:28) This is why Allah's
Messenger accepted Hatib's excuse when he said that he only wanted to
have a favor on the Quraysh, because of the property and family members
he left behind in Makkah. Allah's statement,
﴿ يُخۡرِجُونَ ٱلرَّسُولَ وَإِيَّاكُمۡۙ ﴾
(and
have driven out the Messenger and yourselves ( from your homeland))
follows His encouragement to fight against them and to avoid being their
supporters. This is because they expelled the Messenger and his
Companions on account of their hatred for Tawhid and worshipping Allah
alone in sincerity. This is why Allah the Exalted said,
﴿ أَن تُؤۡمِنُواْ بِٱللَّهِ رَبِّكُمۡ ﴾
(because
you believe in Allah, your Lord!) meaning, `your only fault is that you
believed in Allah, Lord of all that exists.' Allah the Exalted said in
other Ayat,
﴿ وَمَا نَقَمُواْ مِنۡہُمۡ إِلَّآ أَن يُؤۡمِنُواْ بِٱللَّهِ ٱلۡعَزِيزِ ٱلۡحَمِيدِ ﴾
(And they had no fault except that they believed in Allah, Almighty, Al-Hamid!) (85:8) and,
﴿ ٱلَّذِينَ أُخۡرِجُواْ مِن دِيَـٰرِهِم بِغَيۡرِ حَقٍّ إِلَّآ أَن يَقُولُواْ رَبُّنَا ٱللَّهُۗ ﴾
(Those who have been expelled from their homes unjustly only because they said: "Our Lord is Allah.'') (22:40) Allah said,
﴿ إِن كُنتُمۡ خَرَجۡتُمۡ جِهَـٰدً۬ا فِى سَبِيلِى وَٱبۡتِغَآءَ مَرۡضَاتِىۚ ﴾
(If
you have come forth to strive in My cause and to seek My good
pleasure.) Allah says, `if you are as described here, then do not take
the disbelievers as supporters. If you migrated in Jihad for My cause
and for seeking My pleasure, then do not take My enemies and your
enemies as protecting friends, after they expelled you from your homes
and property in rage against you and rejection of your religion.'
Allah's statement,
﴿ تُسِرُّونَ إِلَيۡہِم بِٱلۡمَوَدَّةِ وَأَنَا۟ أَعۡلَمُ بِمَآ أَخۡفَيۡتُمۡ وَمَآ أَعۡلَنتُمۡۚ ﴾
(You
show friendship to them in secret, while I am All-Aware of what you
conceal and what you reveal.) Allah asks, `do you do this while I know
the secrets of the hearts, the intentions and all apparent things,'
﴿ وَمَن يَفۡعَلۡهُ مِنكُمۡ فَقَدۡ ضَلَّ سَوَآءَ ٱلسَّبِيلِ • إِن يَثۡقَفُوكُمۡ يَكُونُواْ لَكُمۡ أَعۡدَآءً۬ وَيَبۡسُطُوٓاْ إِلَيۡكُمۡ أَيۡدِيَہُمۡ وَأَلۡسِنَتَہُم بِٱلسُّوٓءِ ﴾
(And
whosoever of you does that, then indeed he has gone astray from the
straight path. Should they gain the upper hand over you, they would
behave to you as enemies, and stretch forth their hands and their
tongues against you with evil,) meaning, `if they gain the upper hand
over you, they would use every type of harm in their disposal to hurt
you in words and action,'
﴿ وَوَدُّواْ لَوۡ تَكۡفُرُونَ ﴾
(and
they desire that you should disbelieve.) meaning, `they are eager that
you do not earn any good. Therefore, their enmity to you is outward and
inward, so how can you become supporters of this type of people' This
also encourages the enmity. Allah's statement,
﴿
لَن تَنفَعَكُمۡ أَرۡحَامُكُمۡ وَلَآ أَوۡلَـٰدُكُمۡۚ يَوۡمَ
ٱلۡقِيَـٰمَةِ يَفۡصِلُ بَيۡنَكُمۡۚ وَٱللَّهُ بِمَا تَعۡمَلُونَ بَصِيرٌ۬
﴾
(Neither
your relatives nor your children will benefit you on the Day of
Resurrection. He will judge between you. And Allah is the All-Seer of
what you do.) means, `your family relations will not benefit you with
Allah if Allah decided to cause harm your way. Your relations will not
benefit you if you please them with what angers Allah.' Those who agree
with their family being disbelievers in order to please them will have
earned loss and failure and their deeds will be rendered invalid. Their
relation will not benefit them with Allah, even if their relation was
with a Prophet. Imam Ahmad recorded that Anas said that a man said, "O
Allah's Messenger! Where is my father'' He said,
« فِي النَّار »
(In the Fire.) When the man went away, the Prophet called him back and said:
« إِنَّ أَبِي وَأَبَاكَ فِي النَّار »
(Verily, my father and your father are in the Fire.) Muslim and Abu Dawud also collected this Hadith.
﴿
قَدۡ كَانَتۡ لَكُمۡ أُسۡوَةٌ حَسَنَةٌ۬ فِىٓ إِبۡرَٲهِيمَ وَٱلَّذِينَ
مَعَهُ ۥۤ إِذۡ قَالُواْ لِقَوۡمِہِمۡ إِنَّا بُرَءَٲٓؤُاْ مِنكُمۡ
وَمِمَّا تَعۡبُدُونَ مِن دُونِ ٱللَّهِ كَفَرۡنَا بِكُمۡ وَبَدَا
بَيۡنَنَا وَبَيۡنَكُمُ ٱلۡعَدَٲوَةُ وَٱلۡبَغۡضَآءُ أَبَدًا حَتَّىٰ
تُؤۡمِنُواْ بِٱللَّهِ وَحۡدَهُ ۥۤ إِلَّا قَوۡلَ إِبۡرَٲهِيمَ لِأَبِيهِ
لَأَسۡتَغۡفِرَنَّ لَكَ وَمَآ أَمۡلِكُ لَكَ مِنَ ٱللَّهِ مِن شَىۡءٍ۬ۖ
رَّبَّنَا عَلَيۡكَ تَوَكَّلۡنَا وَإِلَيۡكَ أَنَبۡنَا وَإِلَيۡكَ
ٱلۡمَصِيرُ • رَبَّنَا لَا تَجۡعَلۡنَا فِتۡنَةً۬ لِّلَّذِينَ كَفَرُواْ وَٱغۡفِرۡ لَنَا رَبَّنَآۖ إِنَّكَ أَنتَ ٱلۡعَزِيزُ ٱلۡحَكِيمُ •
لَقَدۡ كَانَ لَكُمۡ فِيہِمۡ أُسۡوَةٌ حَسَنَةٌ۬ لِّمَن كَانَ يَرۡجُواْ
ٱللَّهَ وَٱلۡيَوۡمَ ٱلۡأَخِرَۚ وَمَن يَتَوَلَّ فَإِنَّ ٱللَّهَ هُوَ
ٱلۡغَنِىُّ ٱلۡحَمِيدُ ﴾
(4.
Indeed there has been an excellent example for you in Ibrahim and those
with him, when they said to their people: "Verily, we are free from you
and whatever you worship besides Allah, we have rejected you, and there
has started between us and you, hostility and hatred forever until you
believe in Allah alone,'' -- except the saying of Ibrahim to his father:
"Verily, I will ask forgiveness for you, but I have no power to do
anything for you before Allah.'' "Our Lord! In You we put our trust, and
to You we turn in repentance, and to You is the final Return.'') (5.
"Our Lord! Make us not a trial for the disbelievers, and forgive us, Our
Lord! Verily, You, only You, are the Almighty, the All-Wise.'') (6.
Certainly, there has been in them an excellent example for you to follow
- for those who look forward to (the meeting with) Allah and the Last
Day. And whosoever turns away, then verily, Allah is Al-Ghani,
Al-Hamid.)
ليست هناك تعليقات:
إرسال تعليق