المشاركات
http://www.recitequran.com/tafsir/en.ibn-kathir/65:1
65
At-Talaq
The Divorce
Ibn Kathir - English
Verse
1
Page 558
Which was revealed in Al-Madinah
﴿ بِسۡمِ ٱللَّهِ ٱلرَّحۡمَـٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ ﴾
(In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.
﴿
يَـٰٓأَيُّہَا ٱلنَّبِىُّ إِذَا طَلَّقۡتُمُ ٱلنِّسَآءَ فَطَلِّقُوهُنَّ
لِعِدَّتِہِنَّ وَأَحۡصُواْ ٱلۡعِدَّةَۖ وَٱتَّقُواْ ٱللَّهَ رَبَّڪُمۡۖ
لَا تُخۡرِجُوهُنَّ مِنۢ بُيُوتِهِنَّ وَلَا يَخۡرُجۡنَ إِلَّآ أَن
يَأۡتِينَ بِفَـٰحِشَةٍ۬ مُّبَيِّنَةٍ۬ۚ وَتِلۡكَ حُدُودُ ٱللَّهِۚ وَمَن
يَتَعَدَّ حُدُودَ ٱللَّهِ فَقَدۡ ظَلَمَ نَفۡسَهُ ۥۚ لَا تَدۡرِى
لَعَلَّ ٱللَّهَ يُحۡدِثُ بَعۡدَ ذَٲلِكَ أَمۡرً۬ا ﴾
(1.
O Prophet! When you divorce women, divorce them at their `Iddah and
count their `Iddah. And have Taqwa of Allah, your Lord. And turn them
not out of their homes nor shall they leave, except in case they are
guilty of Fahishah Mubayyinah. And those are the set limits of Allah.
And whosoever transgresses the set limits of Allah, then indeed he has
wronged himself. You know not, it may be that Allah will afterward bring
some new thing to pass.)
There is a Period during which Divorced Women remain in Their Homes
The Prophet was addressed first in this Ayah, to honor him, even though his Ummah is also being addressed in Allah's statement,
﴿ يَـٰٓأَيُّہَا ٱلنَّبِىُّ إِذَا طَلَّقۡتُمُ ٱلنِّسَآءَ فَطَلِّقُوهُنَّ لِعِدَّتِہِنَّ ﴾
(O
Prophet! When you divorce women, divorce them at their `Iddah)
Al-Bukhari recorded that `Abdullah bin `Umar divorced his wife, during
the lifetime of Allah's Messenger, while she was menstruating. `Umar bin
Al-Khattab mentioned that to Allah's Messenger. Allah's Messenger
became angry and said,
«
لِيُرَاجِعْهَا ثُمَّ يُمْسِكْهَا حَتْى تَطْهُرَ، ثُمَّ تَحِيضَ
فَتَطْهُرَ، فَإِنْ بَدَا لَهُ أَنْ يُطَلِّقَهَا، فَلْيُطَلِّقْهَا
طَاهِرًا قَبْلَ أَنْ يَمَسَّهَا، فَتِلْكَ الْعِدَّةُ الَّتِي أَمَرَ
بِهَا اللهُ عَزَّ وَجَل »
(Order him
to take her back and keep her until she is clean from her menses, and
then to wait until she gets her next period and becomes clean again.
Then, if he wishes to divorce her, he can divorce her when she is clean
from her menses, before he has sexual intercourse with her. This is the
`Iddah which Allah the Exalted and Most Honored has fixed.) Al-Bukhari
recorded this Hadith in several parts of his Sahih. Muslim collected
this Hadith and his narration uses these words,
« فَتِلْكَ الْعِدَّةُ الَّتِي أَمَرَ اللهُ أَنْ يُطَلَّقَ لَهَا النِّسَاء »
(This
is the `Iddah which Allah has fixed for the women being divorced.) In
his Sahih, Muslim has recorded a Hadith which is a more appropriate
version from a narration of Ibn Jurayj who said that Abu Az-Zubayr
informed him that he heard `Abdur-Rahman bin Ayman, the freed slave of
`Azzah, questioning `Abdullah bin `Umar. And Abu Az-Zubayr heard the
question, "What about a man who divorces his wife while she is still on
her menses'' `Abdullah answered, "During the time of Allah's Messenger,
`Abdullah bin `Umar divorced his wife who was menstruating in the life
time of Allah's Messenger. So Allah's Messenger said:
« لِيُرَاجِعْهَا »
(Let him take her back.) so she returned and he said:
« إِذَا طَهُرَتْ فَلْيُطَلِّقْ أَوْ يُمْسِك »
(When
she is pure, then either divorce or keep her.) `Abdullah bin `Umar
said, "Allah's Messenger recited this Ayah: (ياأَيُّها النَّبِيُّ إِذا
طَلَّقْتُمُ النِّساءَ فَطَلِّقُوهُنَّ فِي قُبُلِ عِدَّتِهِنَّ) (O
Prophet! When you divorce women, divorce them at their `Iddah) And
`Abdullah (Ibn Mas`ud) commented on Allah's statement,
﴿ فَطَلِّقُوهُنَّ لِعِدَّتِہِنَّ ﴾
(divorce
them at their `Iddah) He said, "Purity without intercourse.'' Similar
was reported from Ibn `Umar, `Ata', Mujahid, Al-Hasan, Ibn Sirin,
Qatadah, Maymun bin Mihran and Muqatil bin Hayyan. It is also reported
from `Ikrimah and Ad-Dahhak. `Ali bin Abi Talhah reported from Ibn
`Abbas about the Ayah;
﴿ فَطَلِّقُوهُنَّ لِعِدَّتِہِنَّ ﴾
(divorce
them at their `Iddah), "He does not divorce her while she is on her
menses nor while she is pure if he has had intercourse during that
(purity). Rather, he leaves her until she has her menses and after the
menses ends, then he divorces her once.'' And `Ikrimah said about
﴿ فَطَلِّقُوهُنَّ لِعِدَّتِہِنَّ ﴾
(divorce
them at their `Iddah), "The `Iddah is made up of cleanliness and the
menstrual period.'' So he divorces her while it is clear that she is
pregnant, or he does not due to having sex, or since he does not know if
she is pregnant or not. This is why the scholars said that there are
two types of divorce, one that conforms to the Sunnah and another
innovated. The divorce that conforms to the Sunnah is one where the
husband pronounces one divorce to his wife when she is not having her
menses and without having had sexual intercourse with her after the
menses ended. One could divorce his wife when it is clear that she is
pregnant. As for the innovated divorce, it occurs when one divorces his
wife when she is having her menses, or after the menses ends, has sexual
intercourse with her and then divorces her, even though he does not
know if she became pregnant or not. There is a third type of divorce,
which is neither a Sunnah nor an innovation where one divorces a young
wife who has not begun to have menses, the wife who is beyond the age of
having menses, and divorcing one's wife before the marriage was
consummated. Allah said,
﴿ وَأَحۡصُواْ ٱلۡعِدَّةَۖ ﴾
(and
count their `Iddah.) meaning, count for it and know its beginning and
end, so that the `Iddah does not become prolonged for the woman and she
cannot get married again,
﴿ وَٱتَّقُواْ ٱللَّهَ رَبَّڪُمۡۖ ﴾
(And have Taqwa of Allah, your Lord.) in this matter.
Spending and Housing is up to the Husband during the Revocable `Iddah Period
Allah said,
﴿ لَا تُخۡرِجُوهُنَّ مِنۢ بُيُوتِهِنَّ وَلَا يَخۡرُجۡنَ ﴾
(And
turn them not out of their homes nor shall they leave,) meaning, during
the duration of the `Iddah, she has the right to housing from her
husband, as long as the `Iddah period continues. Therefore, the husband
does not have the right to force her out of her house, nor is she
allowed to leave his house, because she is still tied to the marriage
contract. Allah said,
﴿ إِلَّآ أَن يَأۡتِينَ بِفَـٰحِشَةٍ۬ مُّبَيِّنَةٍ۬ۚ ﴾
(except
in case they are guilty of Fahishah Mubayyinah.) meaning that the
divorced wife is not to abandon her husband's house unless she commits
Fahishah Mubayyinah, in which case, she vacates her husband's house. For
example, Fahishah Mubayyinah implies adultery, according to `Abdullah
bin Mas`ud, Ibn `Abbas, Sa`id bin Al-Musayyib, Ash-Sha`bi, Al-Hasan, Ibn
Sirin, Mujahid, `Ikrimah, Sa`id bin Jubayr, Abu Qilabah, Abu Salih,
Ad-Dahhak, Zayd bin Aslam, `Ata' Al-Khurasani, As-Suddi, Sa`id bin Hilal
and others. Fahishah Mubayyinah implies disobeying her husband openly
or when she abuses her husband's family in words and actions, according
to Ubay bin Ka`b, Ibn `Abbas, `Ikrimah and others. Allah's statement,
﴿ وَتِلۡكَ حُدُودُ ٱللَّهِۚ ﴾
(And those are the set limits of Allah.) means, these are from His legislation and prohibitions,
﴿ وَمَن يَتَعَدَّ حُدُودَ ٱللَّهِ ﴾
(And
whosoever transgresses the set limits of Allah,) meaning, whoever
violates these limits, transgresses them and implements anything else
besides them,
﴿ فَقَدۡ ظَلَمَ نَفۡسَهُ ۥۚ ﴾
(then indeed he has wronged himself.) by doing so.
The Wisdom of `Iddah at the Husband's House
Allah said,
﴿ لَا تَدۡرِى لَعَلَّ ٱللَّهَ يُحۡدِثُ بَعۡدَ ذَٲلِكَ أَمۡرً۬ا ﴾
(You
know not, it may be that Allah will afterward bring some new thing to
pass.) meaning, `We commanded that the divorced wife remains in her
husband's house during the `Iddah period, so that the husband might
regret his action and Allah decides that the husband feels in his heart
for the marriage to continue.' This way, returning to his wife will be
easier for him. Az-Zuhri said that `Ubaydullah bin `Abdullah said that
Fatimah bint Qays said about Allah's statement,
﴿ لَا تَدۡرِى لَعَلَّ ٱللَّهَ يُحۡدِثُ بَعۡدَ ذَٲلِكَ أَمۡرً۬ا ﴾
(You
know not, it may be that Allah will afterward bring some new thing to
pass.) "Taking her back.'' Similar was said by Ash-Sha`bi, `Ata',
Qatadah, Ad-Dahhak, Muqatil bin Hayyan and Ath-Thawri.
The Irrevocably Divorced Woman does not have a Right to Provisions and Accommodations from the Husband
Here
the view of the scholars of the Salaf and those who follow them is that
housing is not obligatory in the case of the irrevocably divorced
woman. They also relied on the Hadith of Fatimah bint Qays Al-Fihriyah
when her husband Abu `Amr bin Hafs divorced her the third and final
time. He was away from her in Yemen at the time, and he sent her his
decision to divorce her. He also sent some barley with his messenger,
but she did not like the amount or method of compensation. He said, "By
Allah I am not obligated to spend upon you.'' So, she went to Allah's
Messenger, who said,
« لَيْسَ لَكِ عَلَيْهِ نَفَقَة »
(There is no obligation on him to spend on you.) Muslim added in his narration,
« وَلَا سُكْنَى »
(nor housing.) And he ordered her to finish her `Iddah period in the house of Umm Sharik. He then said,
« تِلْكَ امْرَأَةٌ يَغْشَاهَا أَصْحَابِي، اعْتَدِّي عِنْدَ ابْنِ أُمِّ مَكْتُومٍ، فَإِنَّهُ رَجُلٌ أَعْمَى تَضَعِينَ ثِيَابَك »
(She is a woman my Companions visit. Spend this period in the house of Ibn Umm Maktum, for he is a blind man; ﴿he cannot see you if﴾
you take off your garments.) Imam Ahmad collected this Hadith using
another chain of narration. In his narration, the Messenger of Allah
said,
« انْظُرِي
يَا بِنْتَ آلِ قَيْسٍ إِنَّمَا النَّفَقَةُ وَالسُّكْنَى لِلْمَرْأَةِ
عَلَى زَوْجِهَا، مَا كَانَتْ لَهُ عَلَيْهَا رَجْعَةٌ، فَإِذَا لَمْ
يَكُنْ لَهُ عَلَيْهَا رَجْعَةٌ فَلَا نَفَقَةَ وَلَا سُكْنَى، اخْرُجِي
فَانْزِلِي عَلَى فُلَانَة »
(Look O
daughter of the family of Qays! Spending and housing are required from
the husband who can return to his wife. So if he does not have the right
to return to her, then she does not have the right to spending and
housing. So leave his house and go to so-and-so woman.) He then said,
« إِنَّهُ يُتَحَدَّثُ إِلَيْهَا، انْزِلِي عَلَى ابْنِ أُمِّ مَكْتُومٍ فَإِنَّهُ أَعْمَى لَا يَرَاك »
(They
speak to her. Therefore, go to Ibn Umm Maktum, for he is a blind man
and cannot see you.) Abu Al-Qasim At-Tabarani recorded that `Amir
Ash-Sha`bi went to Fatimah bint Qays, sister of Ad-Dahhak bin Qays, from
the tribe of Quraysh. Fatimah was married to Abu `Amr bin Hafs bin
Al-Mughirah, from Bani Makhzum. She said, "Abu `Amr bin Hafs sent me his
decision to divorce me while he was in an army that had gone to Yemen. I
asked his friends to provide me with financial provisions and housing.
They said, `He did not send us anything for that, nor did he request it
from us.' I went to Allah's Messenger and said to him, `O Allah's
Messenger! Abu `Amr bin Hafs divorced me, and I asked his friends to
provide me with spending and housing and they said that he did not send
them anything for that.' Allah's Messenger said,
«
إِنَّمَا السُّكْنَى وَالنَّفَقَةُ لِلْمَرْأَةِ إِذَا كَانَ لِزَوْجِهَا
عَلَيْهَا رَجْعَةٌ، فَإِذَا كَانَتْ لَا تَحِلُّ لَهُ حَتْى تَنْكِحَ
زَوْجًا غَيْرَهُ: فَلَا نَفَقَةَ لَهَا وَلَا سُكْنَى »
(Spending
and housing are required from the husband for his divorced wife if he
can return to her. If she is not permitted for him anymore, until she
marries another husband, then he does not have to provide her with
spending and housing.)'' An-Nasa'i also recorded this narration.
﴿
فَإِذَا بَلَغۡنَ أَجَلَهُنَّ فَأَمۡسِكُوهُنَّ بِمَعۡرُوفٍ أَوۡ
فَارِقُوهُنَّ بِمَعۡرُوفٍ۬ وَأَشۡہِدُواْ ذَوَىۡ عَدۡلٍ۬ مِّنكُمۡ
وَأَقِيمُواْ ٱلشَّهَـٰدَةَ لِلَّهِۚ ذَٲلِڪُمۡ يُوعَظُ بِهِۦ مَن كَانَ
يُؤۡمِنُ بِٱللَّهِ وَٱلۡيَوۡمِ ٱلۡأَخِرِۚ وَمَن يَتَّقِ ٱللَّهَ يَجۡعَل
لَّهُ ۥ مَخۡرَجً۬ا • وَيَرۡزُقۡهُ مِنۡ
حَيۡثُ لَا يَحۡتَسِبُۚ وَمَن يَتَوَكَّلۡ عَلَى ٱللَّهِ فَهُوَ حَسۡبُهُ
ۥۤۚ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ بَـٰلِغُ أَمۡرِهِۦۚ قَدۡ جَعَلَ ٱللَّهُ لِكُلِّ
شَىۡءٍ۬ قَدۡرً۬ا ﴾
(2.
Then when they are about to attain their term appointed, either take
them back in a good manner or part with them in a good manner. And take
as witness two just persons from among you. And establish the testimony
for Allah. That will be an admonition given to him who believes in Allah
and the Last Day. And whosoever has Taqwa of Allah, He will make a way
for him to get out.) (3. And He will provide him from where he never
could imagine. And whosoever puts his trust in Allah, then He will
suffice him. Verily, Allah will accomplish his purpose. Indeed Allah has
set a measure for all things.)
Ordaining Kindness towards Divorced Women
Allah
the Exalted says that when the woman who is in her `Iddah nears the end
of the `Iddah term, the husband must decide to reconcile with her, thus
keeping their marriage together,
﴿ بِمَعۡرُوفٍ۬ ﴾
(in
a good manner) while being kind to her in their companionship.
Otherwise, he must decide to divorce her on good terms, without abusing,
cursing, or admonishing her. To the contrary, he should divorce her on
good terms, observing kindness and good manners.
The Command to have Witnesses for the Return
Allah said,
﴿ وَأَشۡہِدُواْ ذَوَىۡ عَدۡلٍ۬ مِّنكُمۡ ﴾
(And
take as witness two just persons from among you.) meaning when taking
her back, if this is your decision. Abu Dawud and Ibn Majah recorded
that `Imran bin Husayn was asked about a man who divorced his wife and
then had sexual intercourse with her, without notifying witnesses of
when he divorced her and when he took her back. `Imran said, "His
divorce and taking her back was in contradiction to the Sunnah.
Incorporate the presence of witnesses for divorcing her and taking her
back, and do not repeat your conduct.'' Ibn Jurayj said that `Ata'
commented on the Ayah,
﴿ وَأَشۡہِدُواْ ذَوَىۡ عَدۡلٍ۬ مِّنكُمۡ ﴾
(And
take as witness two just persons from among you.) "It is not
permissible to marry, divorce or take back the divorced wife except with
two just witnesses, just as Allah the Exalted has said, except when
there is a valid excuse.'' Allah's statement,
﴿ ذَٲلِڪُمۡ يُوعَظُ بِهِۦ مَن كَانَ يُؤۡمِنُ بِٱللَّهِ وَٱلۡيَوۡمِ ٱلۡأَخِرِۚ ﴾
(That
will be an admonition given to him who believes in Allah and the Last
Day.) means, `this, Our command to you to have witnesses in such cases
and to establish the witness, is implemented by those who believe in
Allah and the Last Day.' This legislation is meant to benefit those who
fear Allah's punishment in the Hereafter.
Allah provides, suffices, and makes a Way out of Every Hardship for Those Who have Taqwa
Allah said,
﴿ وَمَن يَتَّقِ ٱللَّهَ يَجۡعَل لَّهُ ۥ مَخۡرَجً۬ا • وَيَرۡزُقۡهُ مِنۡ حَيۡثُ لَا يَحۡتَسِبُۚ ﴾
(And
whosoever has Taqwa of Allah, He will make a way for him to get out.
And He will provide him from where he never could imagine.) meaning,
whoever has Taqwa of Allah in what He has commanded and avoids what He
has forbidden, then Allah will make a way out for him from every
difficulty and will provide for him from resources he never anticipated
or thought about. Ibn Abi Hatim recorded that `Abdullah bin Mas`ud said,
"The most comprehensive Ayah in the Qur'an is,
﴿ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ يَأۡمُرُ بِٱلۡعَدۡلِ وَٱلۡإِحۡسَـٰنِ ﴾
(Verily,
Allah enjoins Al-`Adl (justice) and Al-Ihsan (doing good) (16:90). The
greatest Ayah in the Qur'an that contains relief is,
﴿ وَمَن يَتَّقِ ٱللَّهَ يَجۡعَل لَّهُ ۥ مَخۡرَجً۬ا ﴾
(And
whosoever has Taqwa of Allah, He will make a way for him to get out.)''
`Ikrimah also commented on the Ayah, "Whoever divorces as Allah
commanded him, then Allah will make a way out for him.'' Similar was
reported from Ibn `Abbas and Ad-Dahhak. `Abdullah bin Mas`ud and Masruq
commented on the Ayah,
﴿ وَمَن يَتَّقِ ٱللَّهَ يَجۡعَل لَّهُ ۥ مَخۡرَجً۬ا ﴾
(And
whosoever has Taqwa of Allah, He will make a way for him to get out.)
"It pertains to when one knows that if Allah wills He gives, and if He
wills He deprives,
﴿ مِنۡ حَيۡثُ لَا يَحۡتَسِبُۚ ﴾
(from where he never could imagine.) from resources he did not anticipate'' Qatadah said,
﴿ وَمَن يَتَّقِ ٱللَّهَ يَجۡعَل لَّهُ ۥ مَخۡرَجً۬ا ﴾
(And
whosoever has Taqwa of Allah, He will make a way for him to get out.)
"meaning, from every doubt and the horrors experienced at the time of
death,
﴿ وَيَرۡزُقۡهُ مِنۡ حَيۡثُ لَا يَحۡتَسِبُۚ ﴾
(And He will provide him from where he never could imagine) from where he never thought of or anticipated.'' Allah said,
﴿ وَمَن يَتَوَكَّلۡ عَلَى ٱللَّهِ فَهُوَ حَسۡبُهُ ۥۤۚ ﴾
(And
whosoever puts his trust in Allah, then He will suffice him.) Imam
Ahmad recorded that Ibn `Abbas said that he rode the Prophet's camel
while sitting behind the Prophet, and the Messenger of Allah said to
him,
« يَا
غُلَامُ إِنِّي مُعَلِّمُكَ كَلِمَاتٍ: احْفَظِ اللهَ يَحْفَظْكَ، احْفَظِ
اللهَ تَجِدْهُ تُجَاهَكَ، وَإِذَا سَأَلْتَ فَاسْأَلِ اللهَ، وَإِذَا
اسْتَعَنْتَ فَاسْتَعِنْ بِاللهِ، وَاعْلَمْ أَنَّ الْأُمَّةَ لَوِ
اجْتَمَعُوا عَلَى أَنْ يَنْفَعُوكَ لَمْ يَنْفَعُوكَ إِلَّا بِشَيْءٍ قَدْ
كَتَبَهُ اللهُ لَكَ، وَلَوِ اجْتَمَعُوا عَلَى أَنْ يَضُرُّوكَ لَمْ
يَضُرُّوكَ إِلَّا بِشَيْءٍ قَدْ كَتَبَهُ اللهُ عَلَيْكَ، رُفِعَتِ
الْأَقْلَامُ وَجَفَّتِ الصُّحُف »
(O
boy! I will teach you words (so learn them). Be mindful of Allah and He
will protect you, be mindful of Allah and He will be on your side. If
you ask, ask Allah, and if you seek help, seek it from Allah. Know that
if the Ummah gather their strength to bring you benefit, they will never
bring you benefit, except that which Allah has decreed for you. Know
that if they gather their strength to harm you, they will never harm
you, except with that which Allah has decreed against you. The pens have
been raised and the pages are dry.) At-Tirmidhi collected this Hadith
and said: "Hasan Sahih.'' Allah's statement,
﴿ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ بَـٰلِغُ أَمۡرِهِۦۚ ﴾
(Verily,
Allah will accomplish His purpose.) meaning, Allah will execute His
decisions and judgment that He made for him, in whatever way He wills
and chooses,
﴿ قَدۡ جَعَلَ ٱللَّهُ لِكُلِّ شَىۡءٍ۬ قَدۡرً۬ا ﴾
(Indeed Allah has set a measure for all things.) This is like His saying:
﴿ وَڪُلُّ شَىۡءٍ عِندَهُ ۥ بِمِقۡدَارٍ ﴾
(Everything with Him is in (due) proportion.) (13:8)
﴿
وَٱلَّـٰٓـِٔى يَٮِٕسۡنَ مِنَ ٱلۡمَحِيضِ مِن نِّسَآٮِٕكُمۡ إِنِ
ٱرۡتَبۡتُمۡ فَعِدَّتُہُنَّ ثَلَـٰثَةُ أَشۡهُرٍ۬ وَٱلَّـٰٓـِٔى لَمۡ
يَحِضۡنَۚ وَأُوْلَـٰتُ ٱلۡأَحۡمَالِ أَجَلُهُنَّ أَن يَضَعۡنَ
حَمۡلَهُنَّۚ وَمَن يَتَّقِ ٱللَّهَ يَجۡعَل لَّهُ ۥ مِنۡ أَمۡرِهِۦ
يُسۡرً۬ا • ذَٲلِكَ أَمۡرُ ٱللَّهِ
أَنزَلَهُ ۥۤ إِلَيۡكُمۡۚ وَمَن يَتَّقِ ٱللَّهَ يُكَفِّرۡ عَنۡهُ
سَيِّـَٔاتِهِۦ وَيُعۡظِمۡ لَهُ ۥۤ أَجۡرًا ﴾
(4.
Those in menopause among your women, for them the `Iddah, if you have
doubt, is three months; and for those who have no courses. And for those
who are pregnant, their `Iddah is until they lay down their burden; and
whosoever has Taqwa of Allah, He will make his matter easy for him.)
(5. That is the command of Allah, which He has sent down to you; and
whosoever has Taqwa of Allah, He will expiate from him his sins, and
will increase his reward.)
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